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12.09.2022 23:25 - Индо Европейски езици

Автор: panazea Категория: Видео

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Индо Европейски езици Indo-European languages

Indo-Iranian languages Indic languages The Vedic Sanskrit root as (to be) Hindi-Urdu ,Bengali is considered a zero copula , Nepali Iranic languages : Persian ,Hellenic languages Greek ,Italic languages Germanic languages ,Baltic languages ,Celtic languages ,Irish and Scottish Gaelic Armenian ,Albanian Hittite The Hittite verb "to be" is derived from the Indo-European root *h₁es-.

	Present indicative	Preterite indicative	Imperative
1st sg.	ēšmi	ešun	ēšlit ēšlut ašallu
2nd sg.	ēšši	ēšta	ēš
3rd sg.	ēšzi	ēšta	ēšdu
1st pl.	(ašweni)	ēšwen	–
2nd pl.	ēšteni	ēšten	ēšten
3rd pl.	ašanzi	ešer	ašandu

forms as English is, Irish is, German ist, Latin est, Sanskrit asti, Persian ast, Old Church Slavonic ѥстъ (jestŭ).

like German sind, Latin sumus, Vedic Sanskrit smas

this inflection survives in English am, Pashto yem, Persian am, Sanskrit asmi, Bengali first-person verb ending -ām, Old Church Slavonic есмь (esmĭ), etc.

This is the source of the English infinitive be and participle been. Also, for example, the Scottish Gaelic "future" tense bithidh; the Irish imperative bн, past bhн and future beidh; the Welsh bod (along with the other b- initial forms); Persian imperative bov, past bud and future bвš; and the Slavic infinitive, etc. for example Russian быть (byt’).

The Vedic Sanskrit root as (to be) is derived from the Indo-European root *h₁es-.

*Mood/Tense*	*Indicative*	*Optative*	*Imperative*
*Present*	*Perfect*	*Imperfect*	*Periphrasatic* *Future*
*Voice*	*Active*	*Passive*
singular	1st	*asmi*	he	*āsa*	*āsam*	*asitāsmi*	*syām*	*asāni*
2nd	*asi*	se	*āsitha*	*āsīḥ*	*asitāsi*	*syāḥ*	*edhi*
3rd	*asti*	*ste*	*āsa*	*āsīt*	*asitā*	*syāt*	*astu*
dual	1st	*svaḥ*	*svahe*	*āsiva*	*āsva*	*asitāsvaḥ*	*syāva*	*asāva*
2nd	*sthaḥ*	*sāthe*	*āsathuḥ*	*āstam*	*asitāsthaḥ*	*syātam*	*stam*
3rd	*staḥ*	*sāte*	*āsatuḥ*	*āstām*	*asitārau*	*syātām*	*stām*
plural	1st	*smaḥ*	*smahe*	*āsima*	*āsma*	*asitāsmaḥ*	*syāma*	*asāma*
2nd	*stha*	*dhve*	*āsa*	*āsta*	*asitāstha*	*syāta*	*sta*
3rd	*santi*	*sate*	*āsuḥ*	*āsan*	*asitāraḥ*	*syuḥ*	*santu*

Slavic languages

быти, byti бъда

ѥсмь, jesmĭ съм
ѥси, jesi си
ѥстъ, jestŭ е
ѥсвѣ, jesvě
ѥста, jesta
ѥсте, jeste
ѥсмъ, jesmŭ сме
ѥсте, jeste сте
сѫтъ, sǫtŭ са

повелително

бѫди, bǫdi да бъда
бѫди, bǫdi бъди
бѫдѣвѣ, bǫděvě
бѫдѣта, bǫděta да бъде
–
бѫдѣмъ, bǫděmŭ да бъдем
бѫдѣте, bǫděte бъдете
бѫдѫ, bǫdǫ да бъдат

Бъдеще

бѫдѫ, bǫdǫ ще бъда
бѫдеши, bǫdeši ще бъдеш
бѫдетъ, bǫdetŭ ще бъде
бѫдевѣ, bǫdevě
бѫдета, bǫdeta
бѫдете, bǫdete
бѫдемъ, bǫdemŭ ще бъдем
бѫдете, bǫdete ще бъдете
бѫдѫтъ, bǫdǫtŭ ще бъдат

Несвършено

бѣахъ, běaxŭ бях

бѣаше, běaše беше
бѣаше, běaše беше
бѣаховѣ, běaxově
бѣашета, běašeta
бѣашете, běašete
бѣахомъ, běaxomŭ бяхме
бѣашете, běašeте бяхте
бѣахѫ, běaxǫ бяха

Аорист

быхъ, byxŭ бих
бы(стъ), by(stŭ) би
бы(стъ) by(stŭ) би
быховѣ, byxově
быста, bysta
бысте, byste
быхомъ, byxomŭ бихме
бысте, byste бихте
бышѧ, byšę биха