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17.07.2022 00:10 - Гай Салустий Крисп Югуртинската война
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Gaius Sallustius Crispus, breviter Sallustius (natus Amiterni die 1 Octobris 86 a.C.n.; mortuus Romae 13 Maii 35 a.C.n.), fuit vir publicus et historiographus Romanus, qui duas monographias scripsitDe Catilinae coniuratione atque Bellum Iugurthinum. Etiam opus nomine Historias scribere coepit, quod imperfectum remansit.

https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Sallustius_Crispus

Bellum Iugurthinum (ab anno 112 a.C.n. usque ad annum 105 a.C.n.bellum inter Iugurtham, affectantem regnum Numidiae, et Rem Publicam Romanam fuit. Sallustius librum de hoc bello cum nomine eodem scripsit.

https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellum_Iugurthinum

Гай Саллю́стий Крисп (лат. Gaius Sallustius Crispus; родился 1 октября 87 или 86 года до н. э., Амитерн, Римская республика — умер около 35 года до н. э., Рим, Римская республика) — древнеримский историк, реформатор античной историографии, оказавший значительное влияние на Тацита и других историков.

Проект Гутенберг (на английскиProject Gutenberg) е най-старата електронна библиотека.

Основана е през 1971 година в Университета на Илинойс в Ърбана-Шампейн от Майкъл Харт (1947 – 2011) – изобретателя на електронната книга. В средата на 1990-те години той ръководи проекта в Илинойския бенедиктински колеж (дн. Бенедиктински университет). По-късно сключва споразумение с Университета „Карнеги Мелон“ да администрира финансите на проекта. Понастоящем се хоства от онлайн библиотеката ibiblio при Университета на Северна Каролина в Чапел Хил и към момента съдържа повече от 56 000 книги.[1]

Библиотеката съществува благодарение на доброволен труд по дигитализиране, архивиране и разпространение на произведения на културата от цял свят. По-голямата част от съдържанието са пълните текстове на книги, които са обществено достояние. Проектът се стреми да ги направи максимално достъпни, дълготрайни и в свободен формат, така че да могат да се ползват на всеки компютър.

https://www.gutenberg.org/
https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/7402/pg7402.txt 

C. Sallusti Crispi De Bello Catilinario Et Jugurthino by Sallust 

C. SALLUSTII CRISPI 

BELLUM CATILINARIUM. 

  * * * * * 

1. Omnes[1] homines, qui sese student[2] praestare ceteris animalibus,

summa ope[3] niti decet, ne vitam silentio transeant veluti pecora, quae

natura prona[4] atque ventri obedientia finxit. Sed nostra omnis vis in

animo et corpore sita est; animi imperio, corporis servitio magis utimur;

alterum nobis cum dis,[5] alterum cum beluis[6] commune est. Quo mihi

rectius videtur ingenii quam virium opibus gloriam quaerere et, quoniam

vita ipsa qua fruimur brevis est, memoriam nostri[7] quam maxime

longam[8] efficere. Nam divitiarum et formae gloria fluxa atque fragilis

est, virtus clara aeternaque habetur. Sed diu magnum inter mortales

certamen fuit,[9] vine corporis an virtute animi res militaris magis

procederet. Nam et prius quam incipias consulto, et ubi consulueris

mature facto opus est.[10] Ita utrumque per se indigens, alterum alterius

auxilio eget. 

[1] _Omnes_. Other editions have _omnis_ or _omneis_. The accusative

  plural of words of the third declension making their genitive plural

  in _ium_, varied in early Latin, sometimes ending in _is_, and

  sometimes in _eis_ or _es_. This fluctuation, however, afterwards

  ceased; and even in the best age of the Latin language it became

  generally customary to make the accusative plural like the nominative

  in _es_. The same was the case with some other obsolete forms, as

  _volt_ for _vult_, _divorsus_ for _diversus_, _quoique_ for _cuique_,

  _maxumus_ for _maximus_, _quom_ for _quum_, or _cum_, which are

  retained in many editions, but have been avoided in the present, in

  accordance with the orthography generally adopted during the best

  period of the Latin language.

[2] _Studeo_, when the verb following has the same subject, may be

  construed in three ways--with the infinitive alone, as _studeo

  praestare_; with the accusative and infinitive, _studeo me

  praestare_, as in the present case; or with _ut_, as _studeo ut

  praestem_.

[3] _Summa ope_, "with the greatest exertion," equivalent to _summa

  opere, summopere_; as _magno opere_, or _magnopere_, signifies "with

  great exertion," or "greatly." The nominative _ops_ is not in use,

  and the plural _opes_ generally signifies "the means" or "power of

  doing something."

[4] _Prona_, "bent forward," "bent down to the ground," in opposition to

  the erect gait of man.

[5] _Dis_ for _diis_. See Zumpt, S 51, n. 5.

[6] _Beluis_; another, but less correct mode of spelling, is _bellua,

  belluis_.

[7] Instead of _memoriam nostri_, Sallust might have said _memoriam

  nostram_; but the genitive _nostri_ sets forth the object of

  remembrance with greater force. See Zumpt, S 423.

[8] _Quam maxime longam_; that is, _quam longissimam_, "lasting as long

  as possible." Zumpt, S 108.

[9] The author here makes a digression, to remove the objection that in

  war bodily strength is of greater importance than mental superiority.

  He admits that in the earlier times it may have been so, but

  maintains that in more recent times, when the art of war had become

  rather complicate, the superiority of mind has become manifest. _Vine

  corporis an_; that is, _utrum vi corporis an_. See Zumpt, S 554.

[10] That is, "before undertaking anything, reflect well; but when

  you have reflected, then carry your design into execution without

  delay." The past participles _consulta_ and _facto_ here supply the

  place of verbal substantives. 

2. Igitur[11] initio reges (nam in terris nomen imperii id primum fuit),

diversi pars[12] ingenium, alii corpus exercebant; etiamtum vita hominum

sine cupiditate agitabatur, sua cuique satis placebant. Postea vero

quam[13] in Asia Cyrus, in Graecia Lacedaemonii et Athenienses coepere

urbes atque nationes subigere; libidinem dominandi causam belli habere,

maximam gloriam in maximo imperio putare, tum demum periculo atque

negotiis compertum est in bello plurimum ingenium posse. Quodsi[14] regum

atque imperatorum animi virtus[15] in pace ita ut in bello valeret,

aequabilius atque constantius sese res humanae haberent, neque aliud

alio[16] ferri, neque mutari ac misceri omnia cerneres. Nam imperium

facile his artibus retinetur, quibus initio partum est. Verum ubi pro

labore desidia, pro continentia et aequitate libido atque superbia

invasere, fortuna simul cum moribus immutatur. Ita imperium semper ad

optimum quemque[17] a minus bono transfertur. Quae homines arant,

navigant, aedificant, virtuti omnia parent. Sed multi mortales dediti

ventri atque somno, indocti incultique vitam sicuti peregrinantes

transiere;[18] quibus profecto contra naturam corpus voluptati, anima

oneri fuit. Eorum ego vitam mortemque juxta aestimo,[19] quoniam de

utraque siletur. Verum enimvero[20] is demum mihi vivere atque frui anima

videtur, qui aliquo negotio intentus[21] praeclari facinoris aut artis

bonae famam quaerit. Sed in magna copia rerum aliud alii natura iter

ostendit. 

[11] Respecting the frequent position of _igitur_ at the beginning of a

  sentence in Sallust, see Zumpt, S 357.

[12] _Pars_, instead of _alii_, probably to avoid the repetition of

  _alii_, and to produce variety.

[13] _Postea vero quam_, for _postquam vero_. The author means to say,

  that after the formation of great empires by extensive conquests, the

  truth became manifest that even in war mind was superior to mere

  bodily strength. He mentions Cyrus, king of Persia, the

  Lacedaemonians and Athenians, because the earlier empires of the

  Egyptians and Assyrians did not yet belong to accredited history.

[14] Sallust here introduces, by _quodsi_ (and if, or yes, if), an

  illustration connected with the preceding remarks. Respecting this

  connecting power of _quodsi_, as distinguished from the simple _si_,

  see Zumpt, S 807. This illustration, which ends with the word

  _transfertur_, was suggested to Sallust especially by the

  consideration of the recent disturbances in the Roman republic under

  Pompey, Caesar, and Mark Antony, three men who, in times of peace,

  saw their glory, previously acquired in war, fade away.

[15] _Animi virtus_; these two words are here united to express a single

  idea, "mental greatness."

[16] _Aliud alio ferri_, "that one thing is drawn in one direction, and

  the other in another." For _aliud alio_, see Zumpt, S 714; and for

  _cerneres_, in which the second person singular of the subjunctive

  answers to the English "you" when not referring to any definite

  person, S 381.

[17] _Optimum quemque_, "to every one in proportion as he is better than

  others." Respecting this relative meaning of _quisque_, see Zumpt,

  S 710. "Every one," absolutely, is _unusqisque_, and adjectively

  _omnis_.

[18] "They have passed through life like strangers or travellers;" that

  is, as if they had no concern with their own life, although it is

  clear that human life is of value only when men are conscious of

  themselves, and exert themselves to cultivate their mental powers,

  and apply them to practical purposes.

[19] "I set an equal value upon their life and their death;" that is,

  an equally low value, _juxta_ being equivalent to _aeque_ or

  _pariter_.

[20] _Verum enimvero;_ these conjunctions are intended strongly to draw

  the attention of the reader to the conclusion from a preceding

  argument.

[21] "Intent upon some occupation." _Intentus_ is commonly construed

  with the dative, or the preposition _in_ or _ad_ with the accusative;

  but as a person may be intent _upon_ something, so he also may be

  intent _by_, or _in consequence of_, something, so that the ablative

  is perfectly consistent. 

3. Pulcrum est bene facere rei publicae; etiam bene dicere haud absurdum

est;[22] vel pace vel bello clarum fieri licet; et qui fecere et qui

facta aliorum scripsere, multi laudantur. Ac mihi quidem,[23] tametsi

haudquaquam par gloria sequitur scriptorem et actorem rerum, tamen in

primis arduum videtur res gestas scribere; primum quod facta dictis

exaequanda sunt, dehinc quia plerique, quae delicta reprehenderis,

malivolentia et invidia dicta putant;[24] ubi de magna virtute atque

gloria bonorum memores, quae sibi quisque facilia factu putat, aequo

animo accipit, supra ea[25] veluti ficta pro falsis ducit. 

Sed ego[26] adolescentulus initio sicuti plerique studio ad rem publicam

latus sum, ibique mihi multa adversa fuere. Nam pro pudore, pro

abstinentia, pro virtute, audacia, largitio, avaritia vigebant. Quae

tametsi animus aspernabatur, insolens malarum artium,[27] tamen inter

tanta vitia imbecilla aetas ambitione corrupta tenebatur[28]: ac me, quum

ab reliquorum malis moribus dissentirem, nihilo minus honoris cupido

eadem qua ceteros fama atque invidia vexabat.[29] 

[22] _Haud absurdum est_, "is not unbecoming;" that is, "is worthy

  of man."

[23] _Quidem_ here, like the Greek [Greek: men] in [Greek: emoi men],

  without a [Greek: de] following, introduces one opinion in

  contradistinction from others, though the latter are not mentioned,

  but merely suggested by _quidem_. "I for my part think so, but what

  others think I do not know, or care."

[24] "If you censure any things as faults or delinquencies, your censure

  is considered to have arisen from malevolence or ill-will."

[25] _Supra ea_, "whatever is beyond: that;" that is, whatever is beyond

  the capacity of the reader.

[26] The author now passes over to his own experience, telling us that

  after having devoted himself at first to the career of a public man,

  and finding that he was not understood, and ill-used by his

  opponents, he formed the determination to give himself up to a

  literary life.

[27] _Insolens malarum artium_, "unacquainted with base artifices or

  intrigues;" for _artes_ may be _malae_ as well as _bonae_,

  according as they consist in the skill of doing bad or good things.

[28] _Imbecilla aetas_, "my weak age;" that is, my mind, which had

  not yet arrived at mature independence,"was corrupted by ambition,

  and was kept under the influence of such bad circumstances." Sallust

  means to say that if his mind had arrived at manly independence, he

  would have immediately withdrawn from the vicious atmosphere of

  public life.

[29] My ambition caused me to be equally ill spoken of and envied, and

  thus to be dragged down to a level with the rest, and to be equally

  harassed and persecuted as they were. 

4. Igitur ubi animus ex multis miseriis atque periculis requievit et mihi

reliquam aetatem a re publica procul habendam decrevi, non fuit consilium

socordia atque desidia bonum otium conterere;[30] neque vero agrum

colendo aut venando, servilibus officiis,[31] intentum aetatem agere; sed

a quo incepto studioque me ambitio mala detinuerat, eodem regressus

statui res gestas populi Romani carptim,[32] ut quaeque memoria digna

videbantur, perscribere; eo magis, quod mihi a spe, metu, partibus rei

publicae animus liber erat. Igitur de Catilinae conjuratione quam

verissime potero paucis absolvam:[33] nam id facinus in primis ego

memorabile existimo sceleris atque periculi novitate. De cujus hominis

moribus pauca prius explananda sunt, quam initium narrandi faciam. 

[30] _Conterere_--that is, _consumere_, "to waste my fair leisure."

[31] Sallust here calls agriculture and the chase occupations of men in a

  servile condition, although the majority of the ancients considered

  the former especially as the most honourable occupation of free

  citizens. But he seems to think that in comparison with the important

  business of writing the history of his country, agriculture and the

  chase are not suitable occupations for a man who has at one time

  taken an active part in political affairs.

[32] _Carptim_, "in detached parts."

[33] _Paucis absolvam_, "I shall treat briefly," or _paucis pertractabo

  conjurationem Catilinae_. 

5. Lucius Catilina,[34] nobili genere natus, fuit magna vi et animi et

corporis, sed ingenio malo pravoque. Huic abadolescentia bella

intestina, caedes, rapinae, discordia civilis grata fuere, ibique

juventutem suam exercuit. Corpus patiens[35] inediae, algoris, vigiliae,

supra quam cuiquam credibile est. Animus audax, subdolus, varius, cujus

rei libet[36] simulator ac dissimulator, alieni appetens, sui profusus,

ardens in cupiditatibus; satis eloquentiae, sapientiae parum. Vastus

animus immoderata, incredibilia, nimis alta semper cupiebat. Hunc post

dominationem Lucii Sullae libido maxima invaserat rei publicae

capiundae,[37] neque id quibus modis assequeretur, dum sibi regnum

pararet, quidquam pensi habebat. Agitabatur magis magisque in dies animus

ferox inopia rei familiaris et conscientia scelerum, quae utraque his

artibus auxerat,[38] quas supra memoravi. Incitabant praeterea corrupti

civitatis mores, quos pessima ac diversa inter se mala, luxuria atque

avaritia, vexabant. Res ipsa hortari videtur, quoniam de moribus

civitatis tempus admonuit, supra repetere[39] ac paucis instituta majorum

domi militiaeque,[40] quomodo rem publicam habuerint quantamque

reliquerint, ut paulatim immutata ex pulcherrima pessima ac

flagitiosissima facta sit, disserere. 

[34] Sallust begins with a general description of the character of

  Catiline. This talented person, though of a most wicked disposition,

  belonged to the patrician _gens Sergia_, which traced its descent to

  one of the companions of Aeneas. This is no doubt fabulous, but at

  any rate proves the high antiquity of the gens. The most renowned

  among the ancestors of Catiline was M. Sergius, a real model of

  bravery, who distinguished himself in the Gallic and second Punic

  wars, and after having lost his right hand in battle, wielded the

  sword with the left. As Catiline offered himself as a candidate for

  the consulship in B.C. 66, which no Roman was allowed to do by law

  before having attained the age of forty-three, we may fairly presume

  that he was born about B.C. 109, in the time of the Jugurthine war.

  Cicero was born in B.C. 106, and was consequently a few years younger

  than Catiline.

[35] _Patiens inediae_. Respecting the genitive governed by this and

  similar participles--as soon after _alieni appetens_--see Zumpt,

  S 438.

[36] _Cujus rei libet;_ it is more common to say _cujuslibet rei_.

  Sometimes the relative pronouns compounded with _cunque_ and _libet_

  are separated by the insertion of some other word or words between

  them, which in grammatical language is called a tmesis--as _quod enim

  cunque judicium subierat, absolvebatur; quem sors dierum cunque tibi

  dederit, lucre appone,_ "whatever day chance may give thee, consider

  it as a gain."

[37] _Capiundae_. Respecting the _e_ or _u_ in such gerunds and

  gerandives, see Zumpt, S 167.

[38] _Auxerat_. He had increased both by the above-mentioned

  qualities--namely, his poverty by extravagance, and the consciousness

  of guilt by the crimes he committed. The neuter plural _quae_,

  referring to two feminine substantives denoting abstract ideas, is

  not very common, though quite justifiable. Zumpt, S 377.

[39] Respecting the infinitive after _hortari_, instead of the more

  common use of the conjunction _ut_, see Zumpt, S 615.

[40] _Domi militiaeque_, "in times of peace and in war." 

6. Urbem Romam,[41] sicuti ego accepi, condidere atque habuere initio

Trojani, qui Aenea duce profugi sedibus incertis vagabantur, cumque his

Aborigines,[42] genus hominum agreste, sine legibus, sine imperio,

liberum atque solutum. Hi postquam in una[43] moenia convenere, dispari

genere, dissimili lingua, alius alio more viventes, incredibile memoratu

est quam facile coaluerint.[44] Sed postquam res eorum civibus, moribus,

agris aucta, satia prospera satisque pollens videbatur, sicuti pleraque

mortalium habentur, invidia ex opulentia orta est. Igitur reges populique

finitimi bello temptare,[45] pauci ex amicis auxilio esse; nam ceteri

metu perculsi a periculis aberant. At Romani domi militiaeque intenti

festinare, parare, alius alium hortari, hostibus obviam ire, libertatem,

patriam parentesque armis tegere. Post, ubi pericula virtute propulerant,

sociis atque amicis auxilia portabant,[46] magisque dandis quam

accipiundis beneficiis amicitias parabant. Imperium legitimum, nomen

imperii regium habebant;[47] delecti, quibus corpus annis infirmum,

ingenium sapientia validum erat, rei publicae consultabant;[48] hi vel

aetate vel curae similitudine patres appellabantur. Post, ubi regium

imperium, quod initio conservandae libertatis atque augendae rei

publicae[49] fuerat, in superbiam dominationemque convertit[50] immutato

more annua imperia binosque imperatores[51] sibi fecere; eo modo minime

posse putabant per licentiam insolescere animum humanum. 

[41] In the following eight chapters (6-13) Sallust describes the

  transition from the stern manners, the warlike energy, and domestic

  peace of the ancient Romans, to the corruption prevalent in the time

  of Catiline, and which consisted chiefly in extravagance, avarice,

  oppression, and the love of dominion. His description is a striking

  picture of the early virtuous character of the Romans, and their

  subsequent indulgence in vice. He traces all the corruption of his

  time to the immense wealth accumulated at Rome, after she had

  acquired the dominion over the world--that is, after the destruction

  of Carthage and Corinth; and he marks out in particular Sulla as

  the man who had fostered the very worst qualities in order to obtain

  supreme power for himself.

[42] According to the current tradition, the people of the Latins had

  been formed by a union of the Trojan emigrants with the native

  Aborigines. Their capital was Alba Longa, and they lived about

  Alba, on and near the Alban Mount, in a great number of confederate

  townships. Four centuries after the arrival of Aeneas, the city

  of Rome was founded by Albans on the extreme frontier of the Latin

  territory, and near the hostile tribes by which it was surrounded.

  Sallust passes over the intermediate stages, either because he, like

  others, thought Rome much more ancient, or because, having to do

  only with the description of manners, he was unconcerned about

  historical developments.

[43] _Una_ is the plural. See Zumpt, S 115, note.

[44] It is indeed wonderful how quickly the Roman people, although

  consisting of a mixture of different tribes--whether, as Sallust

  briefly intimates, they were Trojans and Aborigines, or, as the more

  minute historians relate, Latins, Sabines, and Etruscans--united into

  one nationality. The language spoken by the Roman people, however,

  was not a mixture of those of the last-mentioned tribes, but Latin,

  which, in conformity with Sallust"s notion, appears to be a

  combination of Greek with some early Italian idiom.

[45] _Temptare_, the historical infinitive, about the meaning and

  construction of which see Zumpt, S 599, note.

[46] _Auxilia portare_ is a less common expression than _auxilium ferre_;

  for _portare_ is generally used only to denote the actual physical

  carrying of something, while _ferre_ has a wider meaning. The plural

  _auxilia_, however, here alludes to the repeated assistance given to

  friends.

[47] "Their government was a legitimate one"--that is, the powers of the

  government were limited by law; "and bore the name of a kingly

  government"--that is, a king stood at the head of it.

[48] Chosen men had the care of public affairs, and deliberated about the

  good of the state; they stood by the side of the kings as a

  _consilium publicum_, and were addressed by the term _patres_.

[49] Respecting the meaning of these genitives, for which datives also

  might have been used, see Zumpt, S 662.

[50] _Ubi--convertit_, "when it had changed (itself)." For _ubi_ with the

  perfect in the sense of a pluperfect, see Zumpt, S 506; and for the

  use of _vertere_ in an intransitive or reflective sense, S 145.

[51] In the earliest times they were called _praetores_ or leaders, _qui

  praeeunt exercitui_; afterwards _consules_. As two were elected every

  year, Sallust uses _bini_, and not _duo_. 

7. Sed ea tempestate coepere se quisque magis extollere magisque ingenium

in promptu habere.[52] Nam regibus boni quam mali suspectiores sunt,

semperque his aliena virtus formidolosa est. Sed civitas incredibile

memoratu est adepta[53] libertate quantum brevi[54] creverit; tanta

cupido gloriae incesserat.[55] Jam primum juventus, simul ac belli

patiens erat, in castris per laborem usu militiam discebat, magisque in

decoris armis et militaribus equis quam in scortis atque conviviis

libidinem habebant.[56] Igitur talibus viris non labos[57] insolitus, non

locus ullus asper aut arduus erat, non armatus hostis formidolosus;

virtus omnia domuerat. Sed gloriae maximum certamen inter ipsos erat: sic

se quisque hostem ferire, murum ascendere, conspici, dum tale facinus

faceret, properabat; eas[58] divitias, eam bonam famam magnamque

nobilitatem putabant; laudis avidi, pecuniae liberales erant; gloriam

ingentem, divitias honestas volebant. Memorare possem, quibus in locis

maximas hostium copias populus Romanus parva manu fuderit, quas urbes

natura munitas pugnando ceperit, ni ea res longius nos ab incepto

traheret. 

[52] _In promptu habere_, "to have in readiness," and also "to bring

  into action," or "to make use of." Sallust means to say, that in

  consequence of the introduction of annual magistrates, every one

  increased his efforts to distinguish himself, and to make his talents

  shine.

[53] _Adepta_ is here used in a passive sense, contrary to the usage of

  the best authors, in accordance with which he might have said

  _adepta libertatem_.

[54] _Brevi_, "in a short time."

[55] _Incesserat_; supply _in eos_ or _iis_, referring to _cives_,

  implied in the preceding _civitas_.

[56] _Habebant_ should have been _habebat_, since _discebat_ precedes.

  But see Zumpt, S 366.

[57] _Labos_, a rarer form for _labor_, as _honos_ and _lepos_, which are

  even more frequently found than _honor_ and _lepor_.

[58] _Eas_ agrees with _divitias_, though in English we say, in such

  cases, "This," or "these things they considered as riches." See

  Zumpt, S 372.
Има 139 текста на Латински

https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/7402/pg7402.txt 




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